Residents in Dorset County, UK complained new led street lighting Manufacturer being installed in certain areas in the county have been too bright, while others were concerned with the lack of overnight lighting, according to a BBC report.
To reduce lighting energy consumption, the county switched off streetlights between midnight and 5:30 Am. Council members say the lights are only being switched off in areas where there are no significant road safety and crime.
In areas of Bournemouth and Poole are installing new low-energy LED lights to replace sodium bulbs. A GBP 7 million (US $11 million) project is being rolled out in Bournemouth to retrofit 16,500 streetlights with LEDs, which is expected to save the borough more than GBP 30 million in 30 years.
The borough council also approved a GBP 10 million plan to replace 17,500 streetlights in Poole in the next six years with LEDs, which is hoped to save about GBP 20 million in the next 30 years.
Despite the county efforts, Alison Lynch, a personal trainer in Bournemouth, noted the new led street light wholesale left dark patches in between, making night runs fairly difficult around Christchurch.
Another resident Michael Witherden complained the new LED lights were too bright and affecting his sleeping patterns.
Friday, November 28, 2014
LED Bulb Prices Drop the Most in Germany Last Month
LED bulb prices over the past quarter, with price declines most markedly in the German market for both 40W and 60W equiv. LED bulbs last month.Prices for 60W equiv. LED bulb have dropped more than 40W equiv. led high bay light manufacturers in September. Bulb price upticks have only been reported in the U.S. market last month, according to a recent global bulb price survey by LEDinside, a research subsidiary of Taipei-based market intelligence firm TrendForce.
The 40W equiv. LED bulb prices have dropped 1.8% Quarter-on-Quarter (QoQ) during 3Q14, while 60W equiv. LED bulb prices were down 6.3% during the same period, said LEDinside.
Global 40W equivalent LED bulbs ASP dropped 0.6 percent in September to US $ 14.1. Bulb prices fell the most in Germany, having dropped 13.1% in September as existing bulb product prices dwindled. Prices also slid 3.4 percent in the UK market last month, as prices for some products steadily declined. The Philips 8W LED bulb for instance was down 4% to US $27.2 in UK, and some low-priced have reentered the market.
(Source: LEDinside)
In contrast, 40W equiv. LED bulb prices were up 14.3% in the U.S. market. Manufacturers including Cree, Philips, GE and other renowned brands have raised prices for certain products in the U.S. market. Bulb prices in the Japanese market also increased incrementally by 1.5%. Iris Ohyama’s 8.8W LED bulb prices that were slashed to US $5.8 in August, but have not returned to previous retail price of US $15 in September. Bulb prices in other Asian markets including Korea, Taiwan and China have remained relatively stable. Retail prices of 40W equiv. LED bulbs in Taiwan and Korea were mostly affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Bulb prices also remained the same in China, with the exception of a small portion of products, such as BYD Lighting 6.9W bulb prices were lowered from US $5.14 to US $4.44.
Prices declined even more for 60W equiv. LED bulbs last month, with the global ASP down 5.9% to US $18.2. Prices fell steeply in the German market last month, having dropped as much as 24.8%. This was mainly due to further price cuts among existing bulb products, and some products entered sales promotion. For instance, LG 12.8W LED bulbs was marked down 31% to US $14.35 on the German market. Prices also dropped sharply by 19.4% in the UK market in September, with Osram 10W LED bulb prices down by more than 30% to US $12.2. Low-priced products launched on the UK market last month also further drove down bulb prices in UK. The Japanese market also reported 60W equiv. LED bulb ASP falling 9.9% to US $16.6. Existing bulb prices all declined in Japan, for instance Toshiba’s 9.1W LED bulb prices was down 9% to US $8.91. New low-priced bulbs released on the market also further spurred price falls in the Japanese market.
In Korea, China, and Taiwan, 60W equiv. LED bulb prices have remained stable. Compared to the above listed markets, 60W equiv. led high bay light for sale prices in U.S. have climbed up 11.1%, as Cree, Philips, and Sylvania raised retail prices.
Some interesting trends were observed in the Chinese LED market. While 40W equiv. LED bulb prices dropped the most in China on a quarterly basis having fallen 2.3% compared to the global average, the market reported 60W equiv. LED bulb price outperformed the global average last quarter having dipped a mere 0.6% QoQ. This was mostly contributed by the fact that most 40W equiv. LED bulbs are manufactured domestically in China, while 60W equiv. LED bulbs in the market are mostly made by international brands. Therefore, there are huge price differences between international brands and local Chinese vendors. Furthermore, global lighting brands have chosen a market strategy of raising product competitiveness instead of engaging in price wars in the Chinese market.
The 40W equiv. LED bulb prices have dropped 1.8% Quarter-on-Quarter (QoQ) during 3Q14, while 60W equiv. LED bulb prices were down 6.3% during the same period, said LEDinside.
Global 40W equivalent LED bulbs ASP dropped 0.6 percent in September to US $ 14.1. Bulb prices fell the most in Germany, having dropped 13.1% in September as existing bulb product prices dwindled. Prices also slid 3.4 percent in the UK market last month, as prices for some products steadily declined. The Philips 8W LED bulb for instance was down 4% to US $27.2 in UK, and some low-priced have reentered the market.
(Source: LEDinside)
In contrast, 40W equiv. LED bulb prices were up 14.3% in the U.S. market. Manufacturers including Cree, Philips, GE and other renowned brands have raised prices for certain products in the U.S. market. Bulb prices in the Japanese market also increased incrementally by 1.5%. Iris Ohyama’s 8.8W LED bulb prices that were slashed to US $5.8 in August, but have not returned to previous retail price of US $15 in September. Bulb prices in other Asian markets including Korea, Taiwan and China have remained relatively stable. Retail prices of 40W equiv. LED bulbs in Taiwan and Korea were mostly affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Bulb prices also remained the same in China, with the exception of a small portion of products, such as BYD Lighting 6.9W bulb prices were lowered from US $5.14 to US $4.44.
Prices declined even more for 60W equiv. LED bulbs last month, with the global ASP down 5.9% to US $18.2. Prices fell steeply in the German market last month, having dropped as much as 24.8%. This was mainly due to further price cuts among existing bulb products, and some products entered sales promotion. For instance, LG 12.8W LED bulbs was marked down 31% to US $14.35 on the German market. Prices also dropped sharply by 19.4% in the UK market in September, with Osram 10W LED bulb prices down by more than 30% to US $12.2. Low-priced products launched on the UK market last month also further drove down bulb prices in UK. The Japanese market also reported 60W equiv. LED bulb ASP falling 9.9% to US $16.6. Existing bulb prices all declined in Japan, for instance Toshiba’s 9.1W LED bulb prices was down 9% to US $8.91. New low-priced bulbs released on the market also further spurred price falls in the Japanese market.
In Korea, China, and Taiwan, 60W equiv. LED bulb prices have remained stable. Compared to the above listed markets, 60W equiv. led high bay light for sale prices in U.S. have climbed up 11.1%, as Cree, Philips, and Sylvania raised retail prices.
Some interesting trends were observed in the Chinese LED market. While 40W equiv. LED bulb prices dropped the most in China on a quarterly basis having fallen 2.3% compared to the global average, the market reported 60W equiv. LED bulb price outperformed the global average last quarter having dipped a mere 0.6% QoQ. This was mostly contributed by the fact that most 40W equiv. LED bulbs are manufactured domestically in China, while 60W equiv. LED bulbs in the market are mostly made by international brands. Therefore, there are huge price differences between international brands and local Chinese vendors. Furthermore, global lighting brands have chosen a market strategy of raising product competitiveness instead of engaging in price wars in the Chinese market.
Thailand’s Anemic Economy Might Slowdown LED Industry Growth in 2015
The Thai LED market has emerged as a market holding great potential, government statistics estimate the current LED market value has reached 80 billion Thai baht (US $2.44 billion), said Dennis Stech, Vice President, of Hatari LED at EcoLightTech Asia 2014 in Bangkok, Thailand in mid-November. However, the country’s unstable political situation might lead to lower LED industry growth rates in 2015.
Compared to before 2014, when led street lights price share was only 5% in the Thai lighting industry, LED market share is expected to reach 70% by 2020, said Stech. LED lighting penetration rates in the Thai lighting market has reached an estimated 10% to 15%, said Vincent Chang, Manging Director, Glaring International. The LED industry has really picked up in 2013, observed Nathan kulvadhanaphan, Product Development Manager, Lumoz, AKE Enterprise.
L&E's outdoor luminaire products. Thai government policies have driven down LED bulb prices. (LEDinside)
The increasing LED lighting penetration rates are attributed to Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) subsidies that have lowered LED prices to US $4 to $5, said Pongskorn Ouvuthipong, LED Product Director, L&E. “Government subsidies continue to play a key role in the Thai LED market,” he added.
The Thai government projected LED market Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) to reach 30% in the next five years, to bring the total market value from US $900 million to US $1 billion. LED manufacturers reported growth rates were consistent with Thai government estimations. The average growth rate reported by the nine manufacturers willing to reveal revenue statistics was about 34.67%. Some high performers even reported growth rates soared at least 50%.
Yet, Thailand’s unstable political situation and sluggish economic performance might slow down LED industry growth next year. On May 22, 2014, the Royal Thai Armed Forces led a coup d'état that dissolved the former government headed by Yingluck Shinawatra and senate. The country has been under military junta National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) rule since.
Commercial building led street lighting Manufacturer applications such as hotel lighting seen in this picture have declined because of recent political turmoil in Thailand (LEDinside)
In the private sector business investors are also more cautious about investing in real estate and building construction projects, which could further hurt the LED commercial lighting applications in the local market. “Real estate and building lighting growth have been stagnant in the Thai market this year,” said Eric Ooi, Group Marketing Manager, Trade Link Media, which publishes architectural lighting magazine Southeast Asia Building. Most investors are speculating because of the uncertain political situation, with many even considering to invest in Myanmar or Cambodia instead, he added.
Compared to before 2014, when led street lights price share was only 5% in the Thai lighting industry, LED market share is expected to reach 70% by 2020, said Stech. LED lighting penetration rates in the Thai lighting market has reached an estimated 10% to 15%, said Vincent Chang, Manging Director, Glaring International. The LED industry has really picked up in 2013, observed Nathan kulvadhanaphan, Product Development Manager, Lumoz, AKE Enterprise.
L&E's outdoor luminaire products. Thai government policies have driven down LED bulb prices. (LEDinside)
The increasing LED lighting penetration rates are attributed to Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) subsidies that have lowered LED prices to US $4 to $5, said Pongskorn Ouvuthipong, LED Product Director, L&E. “Government subsidies continue to play a key role in the Thai LED market,” he added.
The Thai government projected LED market Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) to reach 30% in the next five years, to bring the total market value from US $900 million to US $1 billion. LED manufacturers reported growth rates were consistent with Thai government estimations. The average growth rate reported by the nine manufacturers willing to reveal revenue statistics was about 34.67%. Some high performers even reported growth rates soared at least 50%.
Yet, Thailand’s unstable political situation and sluggish economic performance might slow down LED industry growth next year. On May 22, 2014, the Royal Thai Armed Forces led a coup d'état that dissolved the former government headed by Yingluck Shinawatra and senate. The country has been under military junta National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) rule since.
Commercial building led street lighting Manufacturer applications such as hotel lighting seen in this picture have declined because of recent political turmoil in Thailand (LEDinside)
In the private sector business investors are also more cautious about investing in real estate and building construction projects, which could further hurt the LED commercial lighting applications in the local market. “Real estate and building lighting growth have been stagnant in the Thai market this year,” said Eric Ooi, Group Marketing Manager, Trade Link Media, which publishes architectural lighting magazine Southeast Asia Building. Most investors are speculating because of the uncertain political situation, with many even considering to invest in Myanmar or Cambodia instead, he added.
LED Lighting-Use Market Contracted Up to 16% in Fourth Quarter
The lighting-use LED market contracted 5-16% in the fourth quarter, while backlighting-use LED products fell 4-13% according to a new report from LEDinside, a division of the Taiwan-based market intelligence firm TrendForce. The average price of lighting-use LED products is falling with the arrival of the non-peak season and as competition intensifies among manufacturers, said Jack Kuo, an assistant research manager at LEDinside. “Orders are falling and profits are being squeezed,” he said. “For manufacturers to increase their market share, they need to introduce more new products.”
Prices declined across the board in the lighting-use led street lighting Manufacturer in the fourth quarter due to increasing lighting product inventory. As demand in the 3030 market gradually fell, it increased the speed of price declines and overall the market contracted 16%. 5630 prices also fell, but only by 5%. High power LED products did not fall notably in price for the most part, but the 1500mA was an exception, decreasing 6%. Moreover, prices of backlight-use LED products used in mobile phones and tablets dropped by 13%. LED specs for smartphones, tablets and PC are very similar, and can actually be shared in these applications, Kuo said. 0.6t LED prices fell $ 0.035. Furthermore, LED price for monitor application was fairly stable, decreasing just 2%. LEDinside predicts LED specs for TV applications will be further standardized in 2015. 7020 LED, representing LED specs in the edge-type LED TV sector, fell 6% to $ 0.113 in the fourth quarter. Meanwhile, the direct-type LED TV penetration rate is expected to reach 60% in 2015. 3528/3030 LED package prices fell 10% in the fourth quarter.
The lack of MOCVD experts in China to operate MOCVD equipment is no longer an issue, since the Chinese have been able to continue producing LEDs with high utilization rates, Kuo said, adding: “Even if the machines’ production yield is not optimized, Chinese manufacturers have still achieved economies of scale because of their high production volume and low manufacturing costs, which is putting enormous pressure on Taiwanese, Japanese and Korean LED manufacturers.” Looking ahead to 2015, led street light fixture will face a number of challenges, Kuo said. They will need to figure out to maintain their competiveness in a saturated market, where low prices are common. Additionally, there are 5 LED manufacturers in the industry that have most of the patents: Nichia, Cree, Toyoda Gosei, Philips and Osram. It will be imperative for other vendors to form strategic alliances with them to avoid patent lawsuits and expand into new markets.
Prices declined across the board in the lighting-use led street lighting Manufacturer in the fourth quarter due to increasing lighting product inventory. As demand in the 3030 market gradually fell, it increased the speed of price declines and overall the market contracted 16%. 5630 prices also fell, but only by 5%. High power LED products did not fall notably in price for the most part, but the 1500mA was an exception, decreasing 6%. Moreover, prices of backlight-use LED products used in mobile phones and tablets dropped by 13%. LED specs for smartphones, tablets and PC are very similar, and can actually be shared in these applications, Kuo said. 0.6t LED prices fell $ 0.035. Furthermore, LED price for monitor application was fairly stable, decreasing just 2%. LEDinside predicts LED specs for TV applications will be further standardized in 2015. 7020 LED, representing LED specs in the edge-type LED TV sector, fell 6% to $ 0.113 in the fourth quarter. Meanwhile, the direct-type LED TV penetration rate is expected to reach 60% in 2015. 3528/3030 LED package prices fell 10% in the fourth quarter.
The lack of MOCVD experts in China to operate MOCVD equipment is no longer an issue, since the Chinese have been able to continue producing LEDs with high utilization rates, Kuo said, adding: “Even if the machines’ production yield is not optimized, Chinese manufacturers have still achieved economies of scale because of their high production volume and low manufacturing costs, which is putting enormous pressure on Taiwanese, Japanese and Korean LED manufacturers.” Looking ahead to 2015, led street light fixture will face a number of challenges, Kuo said. They will need to figure out to maintain their competiveness in a saturated market, where low prices are common. Additionally, there are 5 LED manufacturers in the industry that have most of the patents: Nichia, Cree, Toyoda Gosei, Philips and Osram. It will be imperative for other vendors to form strategic alliances with them to avoid patent lawsuits and expand into new markets.
Seeing Red with PFS Phosphor
Who invented the color red? Well, nobody of course. But in another sense, you might say that Nick Holonyak did in the modern era, when he created the red LED at GE’s labs in 1962. Now, materials scientist Anant Setlur has reinvented the color. Working with a team of researchers at GE Lighting and in Europe, Setlur found and patented a way leading to the perfect red light.
Setlur says that the new led high bay light for sale could “vastly improve” the color and crispness of LED and LCD displays for everything from smartphones and tablets to TV sets. “We were able to make LEDs emit the color red in a narrow band that makes everything look sharper and cleaner than the current state-of-art technology,” Setlur says. “It really makes the pictures pop.”
His idea is one reason why GE made the Thomson Reuters Top 100 Global Innovators list every year ever since its inception in 2011. The information and analytics firm released the most recent list on Friday. The list “honors the 100 corporations and institutions around the world that are at the heart of innovation as measured by a series of proprietary patent-related metrics.”
Here’s why Setlur’s LED is a breakthrough. A large part of how we see colors boils down to the spectrum of light emitted by the source. (Although light appears white, we can see its colored components corresponding to the particular wavelengths during a rainbow.)
Of these colors, the red has been the most difficult to produce. Deep red makes other colors like green and yellow more vivid. But to the human eye, it appears dim since it moves quickly to the invisible, infrared part of the spectrum. “For a long time, we had to choose between brightness and appearance,” Setlur says. The result was a compromise that yielded displays and screens with a broad red profile with enough brightness, but also washed out yellows, greens and oranges.
Setlur and a colleague at GE Lighting started looking for a “Goldilocks” red that was just right. They found clues in a material called potassium fluorosilicate (PFS). “This material looks like pure yellowish powder that does not do much, but when you dope it with manganese, it emits a beautiful narrow red line,” he says. “We were able to coax that manganese to do the heavy lifting for us.”
This yellowish potassium flourosilicate powder manufatured in GE labs was key to making a better red light. Top Image: PFS radiates clean red light under a UV lamp in the lab. (LEDinside)
GE has already licensed the technology to Japan’s Sharp Corp. and Nichia Corp. Both companies are manufacturing and packaging LEDs containing the PFS phosphor material for use as LED backlights in a wide range of LCD display products. Several display companies have recently launched tablets, smartphones and large screen TV’s containing these buy led high bay lamps supplied by the two licensees.
Says Setlur: “It took us a few years to get there but soon everyone will be able to see the light.”
Setlur says that the new led high bay light for sale could “vastly improve” the color and crispness of LED and LCD displays for everything from smartphones and tablets to TV sets. “We were able to make LEDs emit the color red in a narrow band that makes everything look sharper and cleaner than the current state-of-art technology,” Setlur says. “It really makes the pictures pop.”
His idea is one reason why GE made the Thomson Reuters Top 100 Global Innovators list every year ever since its inception in 2011. The information and analytics firm released the most recent list on Friday. The list “honors the 100 corporations and institutions around the world that are at the heart of innovation as measured by a series of proprietary patent-related metrics.”
Here’s why Setlur’s LED is a breakthrough. A large part of how we see colors boils down to the spectrum of light emitted by the source. (Although light appears white, we can see its colored components corresponding to the particular wavelengths during a rainbow.)
Of these colors, the red has been the most difficult to produce. Deep red makes other colors like green and yellow more vivid. But to the human eye, it appears dim since it moves quickly to the invisible, infrared part of the spectrum. “For a long time, we had to choose between brightness and appearance,” Setlur says. The result was a compromise that yielded displays and screens with a broad red profile with enough brightness, but also washed out yellows, greens and oranges.
Setlur and a colleague at GE Lighting started looking for a “Goldilocks” red that was just right. They found clues in a material called potassium fluorosilicate (PFS). “This material looks like pure yellowish powder that does not do much, but when you dope it with manganese, it emits a beautiful narrow red line,” he says. “We were able to coax that manganese to do the heavy lifting for us.”
This yellowish potassium flourosilicate powder manufatured in GE labs was key to making a better red light. Top Image: PFS radiates clean red light under a UV lamp in the lab. (LEDinside)
GE has already licensed the technology to Japan’s Sharp Corp. and Nichia Corp. Both companies are manufacturing and packaging LEDs containing the PFS phosphor material for use as LED backlights in a wide range of LCD display products. Several display companies have recently launched tablets, smartphones and large screen TV’s containing these buy led high bay lamps supplied by the two licensees.
Says Setlur: “It took us a few years to get there but soon everyone will be able to see the light.”
Tuesday, November 25, 2014
Japanese developed new technology can reduce deep UV LED cost significantly
Ritsumeikan University in Japan recently published a communique that its researchers have developed a technology to produce a low cost and efficient deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (LED); it is expected to be widely adopted deep ultraviolet light source after the mercury limit by United Nations .
Ultraviolet wavelength between 200 nm and 350 nm is called deep ultraviolet light, is widely used in water purification plants, hospitals, air sterilization, handling formaldehyde and other fields. In the past, a lot of deep ultraviolet light source used the mercury lamp, but United Nations organized parties signed the "led street light wholesale last year, aims to restrict the use of mercury greatly, it is necessary to develop alternative sources.
Deep UV LED can be used to substitute mercury, but it adopted sapphire substrates to produce such LED, which is too expensive to be widely used. A team led by Ritsumeikan University professor Yoshinobu Aoyagi reported that it can use cheap silicone to replace sapphire substrate, which cut the costs significantly.
In order to allow the current past through, the previous method need to peel part of the insulating layer on the substrate, but the new method is to attach indium nitride on the layer of silicon substrate as an insulator, and then open pores that allow electrical current to flow, it's no need to peel insulating layer, and short the process significantly. It can cut five days production to only one day, and avoid damage to the led street lighting fixture layer, also improve the luminous efficiency at the same time.
The research team believes that the new method can reduce the deep UV LED manufacturing costs substantially; it is expected to promote the mass production and widespread application of this deep ultraviolet light source.
Ultraviolet wavelength between 200 nm and 350 nm is called deep ultraviolet light, is widely used in water purification plants, hospitals, air sterilization, handling formaldehyde and other fields. In the past, a lot of deep ultraviolet light source used the mercury lamp, but United Nations organized parties signed the "led street light wholesale last year, aims to restrict the use of mercury greatly, it is necessary to develop alternative sources.
Deep UV LED can be used to substitute mercury, but it adopted sapphire substrates to produce such LED, which is too expensive to be widely used. A team led by Ritsumeikan University professor Yoshinobu Aoyagi reported that it can use cheap silicone to replace sapphire substrate, which cut the costs significantly.
In order to allow the current past through, the previous method need to peel part of the insulating layer on the substrate, but the new method is to attach indium nitride on the layer of silicon substrate as an insulator, and then open pores that allow electrical current to flow, it's no need to peel insulating layer, and short the process significantly. It can cut five days production to only one day, and avoid damage to the led street lighting fixture layer, also improve the luminous efficiency at the same time.
The research team believes that the new method can reduce the deep UV LED manufacturing costs substantially; it is expected to promote the mass production and widespread application of this deep ultraviolet light source.
2014 LED lighting will exceed fluorescent lamps in the U.S. market for the first time
American manufacturer Precision Paragon recently released a survey report about the status of lighting industry, a total of more than 5,000 professionals in the lighting industry received the survey, and result that led indoor lighting wholesale in the US market will firstly exceed energy-efficient fluorescent lamps in 2014 .
More than half of respondents believe that energy efficient lighting market grown moderately or significantly in 2013, and there only 20% of respondents in 2012.
Surveyed lighting companies said that in the past few years (mainly since 2010), their annual sales achieved different growth, mainly from 57% to 64%.
63% of companies said its 2013 revenues achieved or exceeded their expectations. And up to 82% of the respondents expect the lighting industry demand will continue to grow in 2014.
Although the led outdoor lighting wholesale sales remain strong in 2013, and the respondents said the proportion of using LED lighting products has accounted for 37% in 2013, that means annual growth of LED lighting products is about 8%.
In addition, respondents believe that by 2014, the amount of installed LED lighting will exceed fluorescent lamp for the first time, and take the dominant market.
Based on the above investigations, LED lighting will continue to maintain a high demand for the US market in the future.
More than half of respondents believe that energy efficient lighting market grown moderately or significantly in 2013, and there only 20% of respondents in 2012.
Surveyed lighting companies said that in the past few years (mainly since 2010), their annual sales achieved different growth, mainly from 57% to 64%.
63% of companies said its 2013 revenues achieved or exceeded their expectations. And up to 82% of the respondents expect the lighting industry demand will continue to grow in 2014.
Although the led outdoor lighting wholesale sales remain strong in 2013, and the respondents said the proportion of using LED lighting products has accounted for 37% in 2013, that means annual growth of LED lighting products is about 8%.
In addition, respondents believe that by 2014, the amount of installed LED lighting will exceed fluorescent lamp for the first time, and take the dominant market.
Based on the above investigations, LED lighting will continue to maintain a high demand for the US market in the future.
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