At present, the international community in general LED display light pollution is divided into three categories, namely white light pollution, artificial daylight and light pollution. Recently, the industry has frequently broke the LED light pollution problem, it was suggested that the high brightness and glare of flashing LED modular design advertising affect traffic safety risk.
And a research project on led high bay light price also showed higher melatonin levels inhibit melatonin may affect human health. Three months to mature vegetables, the use of LED light, even a 65% reduction in growth time, after eating or have an impact on the human body and may even harm.
It is understood that, in Europe, America and Japan, the problem of light pollution has long been a cause for concern. The United States also established the International Association for the dark night sky, specifically to fight light pollution. So in China, the government spent heavily situation still exists with the emergence of a variety of lighting whitewash Night, users expressed dissatisfaction on "one side is a high-profile advocate of energy-saving and environmental protection cause, the implementation of power cuts to reach the people and SMEs save energy and reduce row index, one side is bustling neon lights luxury whitewash, who spent the money did not say, except for Why, none other than the case also allowed to do anything. "
"Walk away, trying to use lights to illuminate the sky is the violent type of urban lighting." Some netizens said that the lamp is used as a man, not used to illuminate the sky. Only led street light wholesale, but also generate nuisance. While developing light industry, light pollution should also be concerned about the community and lighting workers, especially in the current investment frenzy in the LED industry, because there are many cases blind production, the light pollution problem caused by poorly designed product should get attention.
Thus, at the same time develop the lighting industry, light pollution should also be concerned about the community and lighting workers, especially in the current investment frenzy in the LED industry, because there are many cases blind production, design products that bring unreasonable light pollution problems should be taken seriously.
Thursday, December 4, 2014
On the LED lighting business cash flow three reasons
At the beginning of 2012, with respect to this year's LED market conditions, various prediction everyone situation. On comparisons with stubborn resistance in the major institutions and wishful thinking "in 2012, LED market will be in chaos after 2011 ushered in a new starting point," when little known in the industry Shida photoelectric boss actually "a race amazing, "have not had time," sober, "the staff in Chinese Lunar New Year is approaching lost scattered on the plant's playground pay talks home for the holiday, but the industry is in an uproar.
Data show that the number of led street lighting Manufacturer in China is growing at a geometric rate increase exaggeration, perhaps this just in stark contrast with the LED market. "The waves pushed forward waves before the waves beat on the beach," What a heroic scene.
According to the analysis, the most important reason leading to the collapse of Shenzhen Shida is cash flow. But in China over 4000 LED business, how many homes are in such a situation the LED industry had friends joked:? LED industry enterprises have closed down the risk of more and more, even if some companies the upcoming slow the pace is likely to stop in 2012! Cash flow, the company's orders is still there, indicating that the market is still relatively merciful, but so many manufacturers, who had to save this situation?
Cause cash flow problems are the following three points:
A domestic project funds difficult to recover
Finished applications in the field, mostly based on project-based domestic sales. Given LED Products Division fully mature, there will always be more or less about the issue, a direct result of the project money endlessly delayed.
In addition, also another strange. According to insiders, a market price of 4000 yuan of lights, in some projects in the price as high as 10,000 yuan or more, provided that it takes on a series of public relations hospitality, but 10,000 yuan temporarily difficult to fulfill, also take into account a lot of public relations in vain hospitality. Over time, many companies is really no way to play it, and Shida photoelectric is a typical representative.
Second, the market forecast is too optimistic lead inventories
To package and wafer manufacturers, for example. Chinese government's macro-control are often able to play a key role in the market, precisely because of this layer reason, the market is expected to be too optimistic. End-use markets expansion rate compared to the industrial development is clearly much slower pace, sales performance and extension indirect role in the field of packaging factory. Inventory increases come to go get a sale "price war", not sell out called "collapse."
Third, suppliers tight money
LED from international companies in the field of mergers and acquisitions to the mainland manufacturers have to seek listing, we can draw two conclusions: 1, to reduce investment risk; 2, raise sufficient funds.
Risks associated with the shortage of funds in the coexistence of the LED industry, the rate of return on the funds could not impressive, but the time value of money is also very important. Under the lure of high rates of return, industry links seemingly perfect, in fact, a very serious problem of interdependence. In the upstream manufacturers of long-term funds can not be withdrawn from circulation, the downstream manufacturers began to worry about the interests of becoming empty promises, and began tight money. This occurs in any part of the led street light wholesale industry, will lead the industry mentality nervous, so "the boss on foot" became popular in 2011 LED industry keywords.
In view of the above phenomenon, the industry believes, LED industry, SMEs will usher in a new high point of collapse in 2012! But the collapse of the risk is relatively small export-oriented enterprises. It is worth noting: In the LED industry, over the years, 5-7 May is the export season, infer, 8-10 month is the Chinese mainland LED enterprises are facing a high risk of collapse.
Data show that the number of led street lighting Manufacturer in China is growing at a geometric rate increase exaggeration, perhaps this just in stark contrast with the LED market. "The waves pushed forward waves before the waves beat on the beach," What a heroic scene.
According to the analysis, the most important reason leading to the collapse of Shenzhen Shida is cash flow. But in China over 4000 LED business, how many homes are in such a situation the LED industry had friends joked:? LED industry enterprises have closed down the risk of more and more, even if some companies the upcoming slow the pace is likely to stop in 2012! Cash flow, the company's orders is still there, indicating that the market is still relatively merciful, but so many manufacturers, who had to save this situation?
Cause cash flow problems are the following three points:
A domestic project funds difficult to recover
Finished applications in the field, mostly based on project-based domestic sales. Given LED Products Division fully mature, there will always be more or less about the issue, a direct result of the project money endlessly delayed.
In addition, also another strange. According to insiders, a market price of 4000 yuan of lights, in some projects in the price as high as 10,000 yuan or more, provided that it takes on a series of public relations hospitality, but 10,000 yuan temporarily difficult to fulfill, also take into account a lot of public relations in vain hospitality. Over time, many companies is really no way to play it, and Shida photoelectric is a typical representative.
Second, the market forecast is too optimistic lead inventories
To package and wafer manufacturers, for example. Chinese government's macro-control are often able to play a key role in the market, precisely because of this layer reason, the market is expected to be too optimistic. End-use markets expansion rate compared to the industrial development is clearly much slower pace, sales performance and extension indirect role in the field of packaging factory. Inventory increases come to go get a sale "price war", not sell out called "collapse."
Third, suppliers tight money
LED from international companies in the field of mergers and acquisitions to the mainland manufacturers have to seek listing, we can draw two conclusions: 1, to reduce investment risk; 2, raise sufficient funds.
Risks associated with the shortage of funds in the coexistence of the LED industry, the rate of return on the funds could not impressive, but the time value of money is also very important. Under the lure of high rates of return, industry links seemingly perfect, in fact, a very serious problem of interdependence. In the upstream manufacturers of long-term funds can not be withdrawn from circulation, the downstream manufacturers began to worry about the interests of becoming empty promises, and began tight money. This occurs in any part of the led street light wholesale industry, will lead the industry mentality nervous, so "the boss on foot" became popular in 2011 LED industry keywords.
In view of the above phenomenon, the industry believes, LED industry, SMEs will usher in a new high point of collapse in 2012! But the collapse of the risk is relatively small export-oriented enterprises. It is worth noting: In the LED industry, over the years, 5-7 May is the export season, infer, 8-10 month is the Chinese mainland LED enterprises are facing a high risk of collapse.
analysis of LED lighting industry chaos and channel construction progress
Stir from concept to practical application, LED lighting industry has not only become the highest attention to the plate, but also become the capital market, the most popular products. However, for consumers, LED and the distance between them is still very far away. One of the key reasons for this problem is to channel construction LED business also needs improvement. led high bay light supplier time is not long, has been favored by the majority of manufacturers, but the channel construction is far not keep product development and production. What channel construction Nanzaihechu how to crack LED channel construction business problems? -
LED lighting industry a "blowout"
2008 was a watershed in the development of China's LED industry. This year, LED been widely applied to the Beijing Olympic venues construction, dreamlike visual feast is still very vivid in my mind. In recent years, the domestic LED industry ushered in the spring. Under the impact of the global financial crisis, businesses are more or less affected. However, LED lighting industry is not only not affected, but in the strong pull of the National 4 trillion yuan of investment showing skyrocketed. According to the relevant departments to preliminary estimates, in 2010, China's LED lighting industry output value has exceeded 150 billion yuan, more than doubled compared to 2008. LED lighting industry is growing so quickly, mainly due to the following three factors: First, the market demand-driven rapid technological progress, a substantial decline in production costs, LED lighting applications market is very huge business opportunities. In 2009 the world are in the promotion of LED lighting, LED lighting has received the full application and promotion areas with lighting and street lighting, corridor lighting in the car. In attracting and motivating the market, LED pace of technological progress continues to accelerate, the product price increased year by year, the production cost is 30% of the annual rate of decline, which greatly reduces the LED lighting to replace traditional lighting cycle.
Secondly, the global industry to accelerate the shift to emerging countries and regions. With the continuous development of the LED market, LED rapid increase in the number of enterprises, increasing competitive pressure. In order to enhance their competitiveness, the global LED industry, the emergence of new trends in the transfer. In the high-end chain in Japan, China Taiwan region the United States, Europe, and the downstream industry chain, and South Korea, the relevant industry chain will gradually shift to the mainland China and Malaysia, which is the development of LED industry in China offers new opportunities. Most noteworthy is that the country's continuing support for the LED industry has become the largest power LED lighting industry. Back in 2003, the "National Semiconductor Lighting Project" Coordination Leading Group was established, marking the official launch of National Semiconductor Lighting Project. March 22, 2004, established the National Semiconductor Lighting Coordination Leading Group. In 2009, China has expanded the "Ten thousand ten cities" program to promote LED street lighting demonstration. At the same time in 2009 introduced the "electronic information industry restructuring and revitalization plan", the semiconductor lighting in a relatively high position. To further promote green lighting project to promote China's LED lighting energy industry healthy and orderly development, in November 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Construction, Ministry of Transport jointly organized semiconductor (LED) lighting demonstration project tender Zhejiang sunshine, the history of Ford lighting and NVC and other 28 companies short-listed. Promote these three factors are important, but the LED lighting industry to achieve sustained and rapid development, companies must make a big issue in the channel.
Channel construction progress is slow
LED industry in the slow speed of the sound development of China's LED business opportunities and channel construction in stark contrast. Currently, the professional management of LED lighting manufacturing companies have thousands, but in the end of the market, specializing in LED products operating businesses are few, most dealers also just put LED products as a "supporting role" to deal with.
Asked him what so clear, as there is water flowing. How to improve the degree of channel development, and manufacturing companies to control the level of product quality is closely related.
It is particularly worth mentioning is that the instability and lack of product quality after-sales service, so that the individual channels have relatively complete construction business playing with toys. As early as 2003 years ago, the channel construction of some LED lighting business has achieved initial success, but because of the quality of products is not stable enough, coupled with inadequate service, manufacturers and traders often thus creating friction until broke up. Just as energy-saving lamps into the rural markets, the first to enter the rural market because of energy-saving lighting products of poor quality, change frequently, therefore, in a very long period of time left to consumers' energy saving lamp does not save money, "psychological shadow, which makes energy-saving lamp enterprises later when to enter the rural market suffered terribly.
Channel status LED for construction companies, senior marketing planner Mr. He Si believes the root of the problem is that company's product positioning is not clear. On the one hand, large enterprises pursuit of large, whether it is outdoor lighting or indoor lighting, whether it is power or low power, as long as the LED is on; on the other hand, small business is "hungry", who can make money do. Product positioning is not clear, channel construction will not start. After all, different products, applications in different fields, dealers target companies choose different nature. It is understood that, at present, the vast majority of domestic LED enterprise product is only applicable in the outdoor lighting engineering and shops and, therefore, for them, the channel construction is not so urgent matter.
High-tech products are LED business channel construction of an indirect factor in the slow progress. Lighting product technology content is relatively low, generally clerk can speak clearly, and LED products, there is no certain technical skills, it is difficult to convince customers. Last year, I came across such a fresh case: A salesman Shenzhen, a cross bar LED business to a business according to business marketing piece LED light source, the exchange process, a series of technical problems that business owners and engineers proposed order the man's face sweat and sweat. Of course, there are many dealers in the industry knowledge of LED technology, this is certainly not as good as business owners and engineers, it will not make much of professional technical problem, but as a salesman, not in-depth understanding of their own products, to be successful it was extremely difficult to sell, even if they can put the dealer to Mongolia, and it was only a hammer for sale only.
According to industry vendors generally reflect the price is a key factor directly affects the rate of adoption of LED lighting products, and a lamp, even though the total cost of LED lamps (including acquisition costs + energy costs + maintenance costs + disposal costs) than incandescent and fluorescent low, but consumers still purchase cost of the selection criteria, and do not care about high quality or versatility.
In this channel is king of the times, no matter how difficult the channel construction, the cost is very high, companies have to take that step, otherwise, do bigger and stronger brands can only sit at home and slogan shouting numerous.
Traditional channels is difficult to carry LED
Although many companies still rely on LED shopkeeper survival mode, but for channel construction LED business, many business owners have their own ideas. Profits Fall lighting, general manager Guohua Guo believes that the automotive industry 4S shop mode [including sales (Sale), parts (Sparepart), Service (Service), feedback (Sur-vey)] is the future of led high bay light for sale companies can give it a try mode. It is particularly worth mentioning is that many companies in the current products and technologies is not particularly mature, there is no perfect after-sales service as a support, even though it will soon fall apart channel construction.
Traditional channel model to run LED products sure the game. Professor Qiu, future LED channel model should be combined air-ground form, that "branding model projects + + + effectiveness of program service experience," where branding combine online and offline to do, a lot of boilerplate Projects mainly through the on-line display, and service experience and effectiveness of programs must be realized through the line.
Different LED business, its channel Weapen not the same. LED light source such as a business, can be considered a good match with the traditional lighting of a strategic alliance, a borrowed boat, quick access through traditional channels to market terminals. For LED lamps for civilian enterprises, the traditional channel model is also not a bad idea.
LED lighting industry a "blowout"
2008 was a watershed in the development of China's LED industry. This year, LED been widely applied to the Beijing Olympic venues construction, dreamlike visual feast is still very vivid in my mind. In recent years, the domestic LED industry ushered in the spring. Under the impact of the global financial crisis, businesses are more or less affected. However, LED lighting industry is not only not affected, but in the strong pull of the National 4 trillion yuan of investment showing skyrocketed. According to the relevant departments to preliminary estimates, in 2010, China's LED lighting industry output value has exceeded 150 billion yuan, more than doubled compared to 2008. LED lighting industry is growing so quickly, mainly due to the following three factors: First, the market demand-driven rapid technological progress, a substantial decline in production costs, LED lighting applications market is very huge business opportunities. In 2009 the world are in the promotion of LED lighting, LED lighting has received the full application and promotion areas with lighting and street lighting, corridor lighting in the car. In attracting and motivating the market, LED pace of technological progress continues to accelerate, the product price increased year by year, the production cost is 30% of the annual rate of decline, which greatly reduces the LED lighting to replace traditional lighting cycle.
Secondly, the global industry to accelerate the shift to emerging countries and regions. With the continuous development of the LED market, LED rapid increase in the number of enterprises, increasing competitive pressure. In order to enhance their competitiveness, the global LED industry, the emergence of new trends in the transfer. In the high-end chain in Japan, China Taiwan region the United States, Europe, and the downstream industry chain, and South Korea, the relevant industry chain will gradually shift to the mainland China and Malaysia, which is the development of LED industry in China offers new opportunities. Most noteworthy is that the country's continuing support for the LED industry has become the largest power LED lighting industry. Back in 2003, the "National Semiconductor Lighting Project" Coordination Leading Group was established, marking the official launch of National Semiconductor Lighting Project. March 22, 2004, established the National Semiconductor Lighting Coordination Leading Group. In 2009, China has expanded the "Ten thousand ten cities" program to promote LED street lighting demonstration. At the same time in 2009 introduced the "electronic information industry restructuring and revitalization plan", the semiconductor lighting in a relatively high position. To further promote green lighting project to promote China's LED lighting energy industry healthy and orderly development, in November 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Construction, Ministry of Transport jointly organized semiconductor (LED) lighting demonstration project tender Zhejiang sunshine, the history of Ford lighting and NVC and other 28 companies short-listed. Promote these three factors are important, but the LED lighting industry to achieve sustained and rapid development, companies must make a big issue in the channel.
Channel construction progress is slow
LED industry in the slow speed of the sound development of China's LED business opportunities and channel construction in stark contrast. Currently, the professional management of LED lighting manufacturing companies have thousands, but in the end of the market, specializing in LED products operating businesses are few, most dealers also just put LED products as a "supporting role" to deal with.
Asked him what so clear, as there is water flowing. How to improve the degree of channel development, and manufacturing companies to control the level of product quality is closely related.
It is particularly worth mentioning is that the instability and lack of product quality after-sales service, so that the individual channels have relatively complete construction business playing with toys. As early as 2003 years ago, the channel construction of some LED lighting business has achieved initial success, but because of the quality of products is not stable enough, coupled with inadequate service, manufacturers and traders often thus creating friction until broke up. Just as energy-saving lamps into the rural markets, the first to enter the rural market because of energy-saving lighting products of poor quality, change frequently, therefore, in a very long period of time left to consumers' energy saving lamp does not save money, "psychological shadow, which makes energy-saving lamp enterprises later when to enter the rural market suffered terribly.
Channel status LED for construction companies, senior marketing planner Mr. He Si believes the root of the problem is that company's product positioning is not clear. On the one hand, large enterprises pursuit of large, whether it is outdoor lighting or indoor lighting, whether it is power or low power, as long as the LED is on; on the other hand, small business is "hungry", who can make money do. Product positioning is not clear, channel construction will not start. After all, different products, applications in different fields, dealers target companies choose different nature. It is understood that, at present, the vast majority of domestic LED enterprise product is only applicable in the outdoor lighting engineering and shops and, therefore, for them, the channel construction is not so urgent matter.
High-tech products are LED business channel construction of an indirect factor in the slow progress. Lighting product technology content is relatively low, generally clerk can speak clearly, and LED products, there is no certain technical skills, it is difficult to convince customers. Last year, I came across such a fresh case: A salesman Shenzhen, a cross bar LED business to a business according to business marketing piece LED light source, the exchange process, a series of technical problems that business owners and engineers proposed order the man's face sweat and sweat. Of course, there are many dealers in the industry knowledge of LED technology, this is certainly not as good as business owners and engineers, it will not make much of professional technical problem, but as a salesman, not in-depth understanding of their own products, to be successful it was extremely difficult to sell, even if they can put the dealer to Mongolia, and it was only a hammer for sale only.
According to industry vendors generally reflect the price is a key factor directly affects the rate of adoption of LED lighting products, and a lamp, even though the total cost of LED lamps (including acquisition costs + energy costs + maintenance costs + disposal costs) than incandescent and fluorescent low, but consumers still purchase cost of the selection criteria, and do not care about high quality or versatility.
In this channel is king of the times, no matter how difficult the channel construction, the cost is very high, companies have to take that step, otherwise, do bigger and stronger brands can only sit at home and slogan shouting numerous.
Traditional channels is difficult to carry LED
Although many companies still rely on LED shopkeeper survival mode, but for channel construction LED business, many business owners have their own ideas. Profits Fall lighting, general manager Guohua Guo believes that the automotive industry 4S shop mode [including sales (Sale), parts (Sparepart), Service (Service), feedback (Sur-vey)] is the future of led high bay light for sale companies can give it a try mode. It is particularly worth mentioning is that many companies in the current products and technologies is not particularly mature, there is no perfect after-sales service as a support, even though it will soon fall apart channel construction.
Traditional channel model to run LED products sure the game. Professor Qiu, future LED channel model should be combined air-ground form, that "branding model projects + + + effectiveness of program service experience," where branding combine online and offline to do, a lot of boilerplate Projects mainly through the on-line display, and service experience and effectiveness of programs must be realized through the line.
Different LED business, its channel Weapen not the same. LED light source such as a business, can be considered a good match with the traditional lighting of a strategic alliance, a borrowed boat, quick access through traditional channels to market terminals. For LED lamps for civilian enterprises, the traditional channel model is also not a bad idea.
How to identify the merits of full-color LED display
In simple terms, a full-color led street lighting Manufacturer is good or bad can mainly be identified from the following aspects:
1. surface flatness flatness LED display to within ± 1mm, in order to ensure the displayed image is not distorted, partial raised or recessed will lead to the display viewing angle appears dead. Flatness is mainly determined by the quality of the production process.
2. brightness and viewing angle brightness indoor full color to the 800cd / m2 or more, outdoor full color brightness to the 1500cd / m2 or more, in order to ensure the normal operation of the display, otherwise it will be too low and can not see because of the brightness of the image display. Size of the brightness by the LED die is good or bad decisions.
How much screen size of the audience directly depends on the viewing angle, and therefore the bigger the better. Mainly by the size of the viewing angle of the die packages to decide.
3. The balance effect balance effect is one of the most important indicators of the display. Red, green and blue color science fooled ratio of 1: 4.6: 0.16 out of pure white will show, if the actual proportion of the white balance a little deviation deviation occurs, usually pay attention to whether there are bluish white, yellow green phenomenon. White balance is good or bad is determined by the display control system, the die for the reduction of color is also affected.
4. The reduction of color refers to the color of reducing color display for color reduction, both display a high degree of consistency with the source of the color, so as to ensure that the image realism.
5. whether the mosaic, Mosaic is dead phenomenon refers to appear on the display lit or normally four small black box, both modules necrosis, mainly due to the quality of its display connectors used, but off.
Always refer dead appear on the led street light wholesale or normally black single point, how good or bad from the die to determine the dead point.
6. color color refers to the presence or absence obvious color difference between adjacent modules, the transition to color module as a unit, the color phenomenon is mainly caused by poor control systems, the gray level is not high, scanning lower frequency caused.
1. surface flatness flatness LED display to within ± 1mm, in order to ensure the displayed image is not distorted, partial raised or recessed will lead to the display viewing angle appears dead. Flatness is mainly determined by the quality of the production process.
2. brightness and viewing angle brightness indoor full color to the 800cd / m2 or more, outdoor full color brightness to the 1500cd / m2 or more, in order to ensure the normal operation of the display, otherwise it will be too low and can not see because of the brightness of the image display. Size of the brightness by the LED die is good or bad decisions.
How much screen size of the audience directly depends on the viewing angle, and therefore the bigger the better. Mainly by the size of the viewing angle of the die packages to decide.
3. The balance effect balance effect is one of the most important indicators of the display. Red, green and blue color science fooled ratio of 1: 4.6: 0.16 out of pure white will show, if the actual proportion of the white balance a little deviation deviation occurs, usually pay attention to whether there are bluish white, yellow green phenomenon. White balance is good or bad is determined by the display control system, the die for the reduction of color is also affected.
4. The reduction of color refers to the color of reducing color display for color reduction, both display a high degree of consistency with the source of the color, so as to ensure that the image realism.
5. whether the mosaic, Mosaic is dead phenomenon refers to appear on the display lit or normally four small black box, both modules necrosis, mainly due to the quality of its display connectors used, but off.
Always refer dead appear on the led street light wholesale or normally black single point, how good or bad from the die to determine the dead point.
6. color color refers to the presence or absence obvious color difference between adjacent modules, the transition to color module as a unit, the color phenomenon is mainly caused by poor control systems, the gray level is not high, scanning lower frequency caused.
comparison of different lighting technology product life cycle energy consumption
Compared with a variety of traditional lighting technologies, LED lighting has better potential for energy savings and improve lighting quality. However, to accurately assess the effect of a lighting technology in energy conservation and environmental protection, the need for the product from manufacturing to disposal of the entire life cycle of resource consumption and energy efficiency to evaluate the whole process. Recently, the US Department of Energy study based on existing information on lighting product life cycle, it is incandescent, energy saving lamps (CFL), LED lamps from the production, transportation to the final part of the total energy use of a comparative study, and released a program called "incandescent, CFL and led high bay light fixture wholesale in the whole life cycle of energy consumption comparative study," the study report.
Comparison of the three stages of the assessment process
1. Based on the existing life cycle assessment (LCA) LED lamps on the basis of documents and other types of lighting energy consumption in comparison;
2.LED Life Cycle including production, transportation, use and disposal process, directly or indirectly, into the processing material inputs and processes;
3. A variety of lighting research all aspects buy, disassembly and chemical testing to detect whether there is a potential accumulation of dangerous substances and dangerous substances exceeded emission standards.
Upstream and downstream energy consumption of energy-saving potential imbalance has led some institutions began to adopt life-cycle analysis to quantify the impact of energy consumption LED lighting products in its life cycle. The objective of the report is based on previous studies to assess LED lamps and other types of lighting energy consumption differences. The report analyzes several existing life cycle assessment studies, including academic publications, including the production of reports and independent research report. The report analyzes answer the following three questions:
1.LED lighting at every stage of its life cycle (production, transportation, etc.) Energy consumption is the number?
2.LED lighting energy consumption within the life cycle and how to distinguish it from incandescent CFL?
3.LED lighting products in the life cycle energy consumption trends which will emerge in the future?
The report is the first start of a US Department of larger research project to study the different lighting technology production, distribution and use of the whole process of resource and environmental depletion. Most studies report used data from the energy consumption of the whole process both studies. In order for the whole process a variety of lighting energy consumption of the product life cycle comprehensive comparative study, public research materials cited in the report as many as 10 kinds.
Incandescent, energy saving lamps, LED lights representing the different lighting techniques, based on these technologies to produce the products have their performance characteristics. As mentioned earlier, have been cited in the report issued 10 kinds of life cycle analysis is to study a number of different sizes, different types of lamps. Therefore, when evaluating the energy consumption of each lamp, incandescent and based on the current performance characteristics of the CFL is to analyze the existing literature on the product. For LED lamps, in order to make the analysis feasible, taking into account the current analysis of the product of the future, the performance characteristics of LED products is based on US Department of Energy released the "2011 years of DOE semiconductor lighting plan."
Because each lamp lumen output and life are not the same, in order to ensure the consistency of the product life cycle energy analysis, the study chose something called 20 million lumens - hour functional units. This functional unit represents a 60W LED lighting service lamps service life has to offer. Because when life than incandescent and CFL LED lamp life is much shorter, single incandescent or CFL lighting services than the functional units provide long-much less. Therefore, the need to use more than just lighting lighting effects to achieve the same amount, so the whole process life cycle energy consumption estimates will alone lighting energy consumption by multiplying the number of lights.
Estimates at different stages of lighting energy consumption
Production stage of energy consumption, including access to the main raw materials, processing of raw materials, production, processing and assembly areas. About incandescent, CFL, LED lamp production phase energy consumption, based entirely on the existing LCA studies. These data include the direct production phase estimate energy consumption, as well as energy consumption data due to the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from energy consumption, further comprising a lighting device produced by splitting (including inventory consumed).
Transport stage is the packaging of the product refers to the transport process from the manufacturing floor to the retail end. Transportation of raw materials and other production processes before it can be considered and included in the production phase. Relatively few studies on the impact of energy consumption of the product during transport to and existing research on energy consumption estimates of little help. Thus, the report stage of transport energy consumption is an independent analytical study. To calculate the transport links in the energy consumption for each lighting technology products are required to take into account the source of origin. Therefore, the study, such as the length of the transport distance, type of transport and load factors into account, for each functional unit during transport energy consumption study was calculated.
Use phase energy consumption estimates are based on different lighting products rated power, lumen output value and other data to carry out. But when assessing medium screw lamp product use phase energy consumption, consider the need to focus on the "2007 Energy Independence and Security Act." The Act provides for a common incandescent medium screw the highest power, the expiration date of the provision is 2012-2014. Incandescent halogen-free products, such as incandescent mentioned in the report 60W, and is unlikely to meet the requirements of the energy conservation. So "2009 Energy Independence and Security Act" is expected to lead the market to a more energy-efficient products make the transformation photograph, such as standard halogen, CFL and LED lamps. Although halogen likely plays an increasingly important role in the future of the market, but due to the lack of production and processing of energy data, so this type of product life-cycle energy consumption of the whole process is not included in this research report to them. However, the report uses a halogen lamp in the use phase energy consumption data to be compared with other lighting products.
Figure 1 shows the led high bay light price production, transportation to the process of using the average of the total energy consumption has been flat and energy-saving lamps, about 20 million lumens per hour consumption is 3900 megajoules (MJ). The energy consumption is only 1/4 of incandescent, incandescent energy consumption for each functional unit 15100MJ. However, if the 2015 energy consumption levels, LED lamps can achieve the desired goal, then its life cycle total energy consumption will be only 1/2 of the current level. In addition, all three types of lighting products which, using the link is part of the largest energy consumption, accounting for 90% of the average energy consumption of the entire life cycle. Next are the production processes and transport links. Transport links throughout the life cycle energy consumption in the proportion of energy consumption is less than 1%. The proportion of energy consumption of production processes is the most uncertain, the proportion of different products in the energy sectors of 0.1% to 27%, the average is 7 percent....
Comparison of the three stages of the assessment process
1. Based on the existing life cycle assessment (LCA) LED lamps on the basis of documents and other types of lighting energy consumption in comparison;
2.LED Life Cycle including production, transportation, use and disposal process, directly or indirectly, into the processing material inputs and processes;
3. A variety of lighting research all aspects buy, disassembly and chemical testing to detect whether there is a potential accumulation of dangerous substances and dangerous substances exceeded emission standards.
Upstream and downstream energy consumption of energy-saving potential imbalance has led some institutions began to adopt life-cycle analysis to quantify the impact of energy consumption LED lighting products in its life cycle. The objective of the report is based on previous studies to assess LED lamps and other types of lighting energy consumption differences. The report analyzes several existing life cycle assessment studies, including academic publications, including the production of reports and independent research report. The report analyzes answer the following three questions:
1.LED lighting at every stage of its life cycle (production, transportation, etc.) Energy consumption is the number?
2.LED lighting energy consumption within the life cycle and how to distinguish it from incandescent CFL?
3.LED lighting products in the life cycle energy consumption trends which will emerge in the future?
The report is the first start of a US Department of larger research project to study the different lighting technology production, distribution and use of the whole process of resource and environmental depletion. Most studies report used data from the energy consumption of the whole process both studies. In order for the whole process a variety of lighting energy consumption of the product life cycle comprehensive comparative study, public research materials cited in the report as many as 10 kinds.
Incandescent, energy saving lamps, LED lights representing the different lighting techniques, based on these technologies to produce the products have their performance characteristics. As mentioned earlier, have been cited in the report issued 10 kinds of life cycle analysis is to study a number of different sizes, different types of lamps. Therefore, when evaluating the energy consumption of each lamp, incandescent and based on the current performance characteristics of the CFL is to analyze the existing literature on the product. For LED lamps, in order to make the analysis feasible, taking into account the current analysis of the product of the future, the performance characteristics of LED products is based on US Department of Energy released the "2011 years of DOE semiconductor lighting plan."
Because each lamp lumen output and life are not the same, in order to ensure the consistency of the product life cycle energy analysis, the study chose something called 20 million lumens - hour functional units. This functional unit represents a 60W LED lighting service lamps service life has to offer. Because when life than incandescent and CFL LED lamp life is much shorter, single incandescent or CFL lighting services than the functional units provide long-much less. Therefore, the need to use more than just lighting lighting effects to achieve the same amount, so the whole process life cycle energy consumption estimates will alone lighting energy consumption by multiplying the number of lights.
Estimates at different stages of lighting energy consumption
Production stage of energy consumption, including access to the main raw materials, processing of raw materials, production, processing and assembly areas. About incandescent, CFL, LED lamp production phase energy consumption, based entirely on the existing LCA studies. These data include the direct production phase estimate energy consumption, as well as energy consumption data due to the carbon dioxide emissions resulting from energy consumption, further comprising a lighting device produced by splitting (including inventory consumed).
Transport stage is the packaging of the product refers to the transport process from the manufacturing floor to the retail end. Transportation of raw materials and other production processes before it can be considered and included in the production phase. Relatively few studies on the impact of energy consumption of the product during transport to and existing research on energy consumption estimates of little help. Thus, the report stage of transport energy consumption is an independent analytical study. To calculate the transport links in the energy consumption for each lighting technology products are required to take into account the source of origin. Therefore, the study, such as the length of the transport distance, type of transport and load factors into account, for each functional unit during transport energy consumption study was calculated.
Use phase energy consumption estimates are based on different lighting products rated power, lumen output value and other data to carry out. But when assessing medium screw lamp product use phase energy consumption, consider the need to focus on the "2007 Energy Independence and Security Act." The Act provides for a common incandescent medium screw the highest power, the expiration date of the provision is 2012-2014. Incandescent halogen-free products, such as incandescent mentioned in the report 60W, and is unlikely to meet the requirements of the energy conservation. So "2009 Energy Independence and Security Act" is expected to lead the market to a more energy-efficient products make the transformation photograph, such as standard halogen, CFL and LED lamps. Although halogen likely plays an increasingly important role in the future of the market, but due to the lack of production and processing of energy data, so this type of product life-cycle energy consumption of the whole process is not included in this research report to them. However, the report uses a halogen lamp in the use phase energy consumption data to be compared with other lighting products.
Figure 1 shows the led high bay light price production, transportation to the process of using the average of the total energy consumption has been flat and energy-saving lamps, about 20 million lumens per hour consumption is 3900 megajoules (MJ). The energy consumption is only 1/4 of incandescent, incandescent energy consumption for each functional unit 15100MJ. However, if the 2015 energy consumption levels, LED lamps can achieve the desired goal, then its life cycle total energy consumption will be only 1/2 of the current level. In addition, all three types of lighting products which, using the link is part of the largest energy consumption, accounting for 90% of the average energy consumption of the entire life cycle. Next are the production processes and transport links. Transport links throughout the life cycle energy consumption in the proportion of energy consumption is less than 1%. The proportion of energy consumption of production processes is the most uncertain, the proportion of different products in the energy sectors of 0.1% to 27%, the average is 7 percent....
The Calculation of LED driver circuit engineering
Power LED calculated from the known number of
Example: The rated output power of 10W power supply, rated forward current 20mA, 70mW power dissipation under the condition number of led high bay light for sale
can be configured according to the above formula (ie integer data obtained to take)?
1: For a constant drive mode:
LED number and the number of parallel branch known output from the power supply voltage is calculated each road series
(1) Calculate the number of each branch LED
(2) Calculate the number of parallel branch
Note: VLED value varies depending on light color, with a power supply when the drive LED, in order to control the current, usually requires a series resistor.
Example: a rated output voltage of DC 24V, 10W power supply, with a rated forward current 20mA, power dissipation is 70mW rated forward voltage of 1.8V LED can be configured to do the number (integer data obtained).?
You can slip with 10 groups, each way 14 LED series circuit consisting of a total of 140 LED.
2: For constant current drive mode
Known by the power supply output current and the current value of the LED count and calculate the number of each parallel branch road
The number of branches (1) parallel computing
(2) Calculate the number of branches in series LED:
Example: a rated output current of DC 0.35A, 10W rated power supply, drive power dissipation 70mW, forward current of 0.02A of the LED, can be how to configure?
Parallel count road:
(Integer fetch data obtained)
Each road series with number: Number
That can take 17 groups of 8 LED in series, a total of 136 LED.
Calculation of line losses and line pressure drop
Wire P = I R V = IR Wire
R wire = σ (Note: L length of wire; S for wire cross-sectional area; σ is the conductivity of the wire) can also check the electrical manual.
Example: led street lights price with a length of 10 meters (positive and negative wires 5 meters), 24AWG of copper wire, through current of 2A, the loss of power and line drop as much?
Electrician check the manual shows: R = 0.737W Wire
V wire = 2 × 0.737 = 1.474V
Wire P = 2 × 0.737 = 2.948W
As can be seen from the above calculations, the line current is large, pay attention to select the appropriate wire section, otherwise the line losses and line drop is quite large.
We only have to fully understand the basic characteristics of LED and LED power supply, in order to properly design and use of LED light sources.
Example: The rated output power of 10W power supply, rated forward current 20mA, 70mW power dissipation under the condition number of led high bay light for sale
can be configured according to the above formula (ie integer data obtained to take)?
1: For a constant drive mode:
LED number and the number of parallel branch known output from the power supply voltage is calculated each road series
(1) Calculate the number of each branch LED
(2) Calculate the number of parallel branch
Note: VLED value varies depending on light color, with a power supply when the drive LED, in order to control the current, usually requires a series resistor.
Example: a rated output voltage of DC 24V, 10W power supply, with a rated forward current 20mA, power dissipation is 70mW rated forward voltage of 1.8V LED can be configured to do the number (integer data obtained).?
You can slip with 10 groups, each way 14 LED series circuit consisting of a total of 140 LED.
2: For constant current drive mode
Known by the power supply output current and the current value of the LED count and calculate the number of each parallel branch road
The number of branches (1) parallel computing
(2) Calculate the number of branches in series LED:
Example: a rated output current of DC 0.35A, 10W rated power supply, drive power dissipation 70mW, forward current of 0.02A of the LED, can be how to configure?
Parallel count road:
(Integer fetch data obtained)
Each road series with number: Number
That can take 17 groups of 8 LED in series, a total of 136 LED.
Calculation of line losses and line pressure drop
Wire P = I R V = IR Wire
R wire = σ (Note: L length of wire; S for wire cross-sectional area; σ is the conductivity of the wire) can also check the electrical manual.
Example: led street lights price with a length of 10 meters (positive and negative wires 5 meters), 24AWG of copper wire, through current of 2A, the loss of power and line drop as much?
Electrician check the manual shows: R = 0.737W Wire
V wire = 2 × 0.737 = 1.474V
Wire P = 2 × 0.737 = 2.948W
As can be seen from the above calculations, the line current is large, pay attention to select the appropriate wire section, otherwise the line losses and line drop is quite large.
We only have to fully understand the basic characteristics of LED and LED power supply, in order to properly design and use of LED light sources.
how to design LED display of subway train
LED display in the subway as a public-facing information display terminal, has a very wide range of residential and commercial value.
Currently running subway cars in the country in general are equipped with a LED display, but additional features small, single-screen display. To cope with the new subway passenger information systems, we have designed a new type of multi-bus LED display dynamic screen.
The display not only in communicating with a variety of external bus interface, the internal control circuit design also uses a single bus and I2C bus devices.
LED screen on the subway in two ways: one is placed on the outside of the car, the train operating range for displaying, running direction of the current station and the station name, in English and is compatible with the display; other services may also need to display information according to the operation; the text display can be choose static, scroll, pan, waterfalls, animation and other effects, the maximum number of characters is 16 × 16 dot matrix display 12 characters. Another is the end of the led street lighting Manufacturer, placed in the car, the train operator terminal LED display can request pre-terminus, and real-time display of the current terminus, while displaying the current temperature inside the car, the maximum number of characters displayed 16 × 16 dot matrix characters for eight.
2 System Components
LED display system screen consists of two single-chip control unit and a display unit, the display unit can display a single 16 × 16 characters 4, if making the production of a certain size LED graphic display system, as long as the number of intelligent display unit, a "building block "approach can be realized using serial communication links between system each display unit. In addition to the control unit is responsible for controlling the display unit and the transmission of instructions and PC signals, but also built a single-bus digital temperature sensor 18B20. Thanks to modular design of the control circuit, if the humidity measurements under the requirements of the situation there, 18b20 can be upgraded to the module's circuit Dallas DS2438 and Honeywell's HIH23610 composition. In order to meet the communication needs of the vehicle, between the control unit using the PC and the car's CAN bus to communicate.
The display unit by the LED display panel and a display circuit of two parts, LED display panel is composed of four modules of the lattice 16 × 64 dot matrix display unit generic smart single full screen display unit may display four 16 × 16 dot matrix characters or symbol, the system uses a serial communication link between the display unit, allowing work to harmonize the entire system. Display circuit consists of two 16-pin ribbon cable port, two 74H245 tristate bus driver, a 74HC04D six inverters, two 74H138 eight decoder and 8 74HC595 shift latch components. The control circuit of the high-speed microcontroller core for WINBOND 77E58, crystal frequency is 24MHz.AT29C020A for 256K of ROM, for storing 16 × 16 dot matrix character base and 16 × 8 dot matrix ASCII code table. AT24C020 is based on the I2C serial bus EP2ROM, storing pre-set statements, such as the subway station names, greetings and so on. 18b20 temperature inside the vehicle is measured by a single bus digital temperature sensor. SJA1000 CAN bus and TJA1040 respectively controller and transceiver.
3.1 Design of the control circuit unit
The whole system winbond dynamic core microcontroller 77E58, 77E58 with a redesigned microprocessor core, the instruction compatible Series 51, but because of the clock cycle is only four cycles, at the same clock frequency, its speed generally higher than traditional 8051 increased by 2 to 3 times, so a good solution to large-capacity dynamic characters displayed on the microcontroller frequency requirements, in addition to its own watchdog. 77E58 74LS373 latch controlled by the flash memory AT29C020, size is 256K. Since the memory capacity of more than 64K, so using a paging addressing methods in the design, which uses flash memory P1.1 and P1.2 to conduct the election page, is divided into four pages addressing size 64K, P1.5 except for external AT29C020 chip select, but also to ensure that the right cause P1.1 and P1.2 AT29C020 on a 16-pin ribbon cable connector multiplexed misuse. CAN controller is a key part of the communication, in order to improve the anti-jamming capability between SJA1000 CAN controller and CAN transceiver TJA1040 plus access high-speed optocoupler 6N137, microcontroller through P3.0 SJA1000 CAN controller chip select. 18B20 single bus device, the device and the microcontroller interface only occupies one I / O ports, the temperature can be directly converted into a digital signal, and 9 digit code serial output mode, the choice in the control circuit P1.4 complete 18B20 chip select and data transmission capabilities. AT24C020 clock line SCL and SDA bidirectional data lines were connected to the microcontroller pins P1.6 and P1.7.16 cable interface control circuit and display interface part of the circuit.
3.2 The display unit connected to the control
Display circuit section through a 16-pin cable (1) 16-pin ribbon cable port and the port connected to the control circuit, the 16-pin cable outlet (1) single-chip instruction and data will be transmitted to the led street light wholesale circuit, the 16-pin cable (2 ) is used to cascade multiple display screens, its wiring and 16-pin cable outlet (1) is basically the same, but pay attention to the R side of the connection from left to right are two of the first eight 74H595 end of DS chart , when it is in cascade (1) connected in series with the port under a 16-pin cable screen (Figure 1). CLK is a clock signal terminal, STR latch side row, R is the data side, G (GND), LOE lit for row enable terminal, A, B, C, D for the row select terminal. The specific role of each port are as follows: A, B, C, D for row selection terminal for controlling specific data from the PC to the specified line on the display panel, R is the data side, the microcontroller accepts data transmission. LED display unit working sequence is as follows: CLK clock signal terminal R side, after receiving a data, by the control circuit to a pulse rise artificially, STR data in a row (16 × 4) 64 transmits data after all, to the rising edge of a pulse to latch data; LOE lit the row set by the microcontroller. Display circuit diagram shown in Figure 3.
Currently running subway cars in the country in general are equipped with a LED display, but additional features small, single-screen display. To cope with the new subway passenger information systems, we have designed a new type of multi-bus LED display dynamic screen.
The display not only in communicating with a variety of external bus interface, the internal control circuit design also uses a single bus and I2C bus devices.
LED screen on the subway in two ways: one is placed on the outside of the car, the train operating range for displaying, running direction of the current station and the station name, in English and is compatible with the display; other services may also need to display information according to the operation; the text display can be choose static, scroll, pan, waterfalls, animation and other effects, the maximum number of characters is 16 × 16 dot matrix display 12 characters. Another is the end of the led street lighting Manufacturer, placed in the car, the train operator terminal LED display can request pre-terminus, and real-time display of the current terminus, while displaying the current temperature inside the car, the maximum number of characters displayed 16 × 16 dot matrix characters for eight.
2 System Components
LED display system screen consists of two single-chip control unit and a display unit, the display unit can display a single 16 × 16 characters 4, if making the production of a certain size LED graphic display system, as long as the number of intelligent display unit, a "building block "approach can be realized using serial communication links between system each display unit. In addition to the control unit is responsible for controlling the display unit and the transmission of instructions and PC signals, but also built a single-bus digital temperature sensor 18B20. Thanks to modular design of the control circuit, if the humidity measurements under the requirements of the situation there, 18b20 can be upgraded to the module's circuit Dallas DS2438 and Honeywell's HIH23610 composition. In order to meet the communication needs of the vehicle, between the control unit using the PC and the car's CAN bus to communicate.
The display unit by the LED display panel and a display circuit of two parts, LED display panel is composed of four modules of the lattice 16 × 64 dot matrix display unit generic smart single full screen display unit may display four 16 × 16 dot matrix characters or symbol, the system uses a serial communication link between the display unit, allowing work to harmonize the entire system. Display circuit consists of two 16-pin ribbon cable port, two 74H245 tristate bus driver, a 74HC04D six inverters, two 74H138 eight decoder and 8 74HC595 shift latch components. The control circuit of the high-speed microcontroller core for WINBOND 77E58, crystal frequency is 24MHz.AT29C020A for 256K of ROM, for storing 16 × 16 dot matrix character base and 16 × 8 dot matrix ASCII code table. AT24C020 is based on the I2C serial bus EP2ROM, storing pre-set statements, such as the subway station names, greetings and so on. 18b20 temperature inside the vehicle is measured by a single bus digital temperature sensor. SJA1000 CAN bus and TJA1040 respectively controller and transceiver.
3.1 Design of the control circuit unit
The whole system winbond dynamic core microcontroller 77E58, 77E58 with a redesigned microprocessor core, the instruction compatible Series 51, but because of the clock cycle is only four cycles, at the same clock frequency, its speed generally higher than traditional 8051 increased by 2 to 3 times, so a good solution to large-capacity dynamic characters displayed on the microcontroller frequency requirements, in addition to its own watchdog. 77E58 74LS373 latch controlled by the flash memory AT29C020, size is 256K. Since the memory capacity of more than 64K, so using a paging addressing methods in the design, which uses flash memory P1.1 and P1.2 to conduct the election page, is divided into four pages addressing size 64K, P1.5 except for external AT29C020 chip select, but also to ensure that the right cause P1.1 and P1.2 AT29C020 on a 16-pin ribbon cable connector multiplexed misuse. CAN controller is a key part of the communication, in order to improve the anti-jamming capability between SJA1000 CAN controller and CAN transceiver TJA1040 plus access high-speed optocoupler 6N137, microcontroller through P3.0 SJA1000 CAN controller chip select. 18B20 single bus device, the device and the microcontroller interface only occupies one I / O ports, the temperature can be directly converted into a digital signal, and 9 digit code serial output mode, the choice in the control circuit P1.4 complete 18B20 chip select and data transmission capabilities. AT24C020 clock line SCL and SDA bidirectional data lines were connected to the microcontroller pins P1.6 and P1.7.16 cable interface control circuit and display interface part of the circuit.
3.2 The display unit connected to the control
Display circuit section through a 16-pin cable (1) 16-pin ribbon cable port and the port connected to the control circuit, the 16-pin cable outlet (1) single-chip instruction and data will be transmitted to the led street light wholesale circuit, the 16-pin cable (2 ) is used to cascade multiple display screens, its wiring and 16-pin cable outlet (1) is basically the same, but pay attention to the R side of the connection from left to right are two of the first eight 74H595 end of DS chart , when it is in cascade (1) connected in series with the port under a 16-pin cable screen (Figure 1). CLK is a clock signal terminal, STR latch side row, R is the data side, G (GND), LOE lit for row enable terminal, A, B, C, D for the row select terminal. The specific role of each port are as follows: A, B, C, D for row selection terminal for controlling specific data from the PC to the specified line on the display panel, R is the data side, the microcontroller accepts data transmission. LED display unit working sequence is as follows: CLK clock signal terminal R side, after receiving a data, by the control circuit to a pulse rise artificially, STR data in a row (16 × 4) 64 transmits data after all, to the rising edge of a pulse to latch data; LOE lit the row set by the microcontroller. Display circuit diagram shown in Figure 3.
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